{"product_id":"speculative-freemasonry-and-the-enlightenment-a-study-of-the-craft-in-london-paris-prague-vienna-and-philadelphia-2d-ed-paperback","title":"Speculative Freemasonry and the Enlightenment: A Study of the Craft in London, Paris, Prague, Vienna and Philadelphia, 2D Ed. - Paperback","description":"\u003cp\u003eby \u003cb\u003eR. William Weisberger\u003c\/b\u003e (Author)\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Freemasonry began with stonemasons in the Middle Ages experiencing the decline of cathedral building. Some guilds invited honorary memberships to boost their numbers. These usually highly educated new members practiced symbolic or \"speculative Freemasonry.\"\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e The new Masonic lodges and learned societies offered their growing numbers of Protestant, Catholic and Jewish members an understanding of deism, Newtonian science and representative government, and of literature and the fine arts.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This work describes how Masons on both sides of the Atlantic were mostly either enlighteners, political reformers or moderate revolutionaries. They offered minimal support to radical revolutionary ideas and leaders.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003ch3\u003eAuthor Biography\u003c\/h3\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eR. William Weisberger\u003c\/b\u003e has long been a professor of history at Butler County Community College in Pennsylvania and an adjunct professor at the University of Pittsburgh. He has written articles for the \u003ci\u003eEast European Quarterly\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003ePennsylvania History\u003c\/i\u003e and book reviews for \u003ci\u003eThe American Historical Review, The Journal of American History\u003c\/i\u003e and \u003ci\u003eThe Journal of Social History\u003c\/i\u003e.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eNumber of Pages:\u003c\/strong\u003e 240\u003c\/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003eDimensions:\u003c\/strong\u003e 0.6 x 8.8 x 5.9 IN\u003c\/div\u003e\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cstrong\u003ePublication Date:\u003c\/strong\u003e November 18, 2017\u003c\/div\u003e","brand":"Books by splitShops","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":51807375393056,"sku":"9781476669137","price":71.91,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0974\/9764\/5344\/files\/4d539475c182bf42153c5bff84fc56d8.webp?v=1780931317","url":"https:\/\/ebocreations.com\/products\/speculative-freemasonry-and-the-enlightenment-a-study-of-the-craft-in-london-paris-prague-vienna-and-philadelphia-2d-ed-paperback","provider":"The E-Book Oasis LLC","version":"1.0","type":"link"}